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<title><string language="fre"><![CDATA[THE INFORMATICS REVOLUTION IN THE SCIENCES]]></string></title>
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<string language="fre"><![CDATA[Séminaire spécialisé (en anglais), par Gérard Berry, titulaire de la Chaire algorithmes, machines et langages, Mathématiques et Sciences Numériques du Collège de France, médaille d'or 2014 du CNRS.
In natural sciences and mathematics, informatics 
has long been only seen as an auxiliary tool necessary to perform the 
heavy computations needed to numerically solve mathematical equations 
that could not be solved analytically. But a rapid change is occurring: 
algorithmic thinking introduced by informatics leads to a brand new way 
of dealing with scientific problems : instruments get massively 
computerized, they produce massive data that have to be analyzed and 
transformed by computers and disseminated using the Web, and modern 
numerical simulations complement experiments using not only equations 
but also purely algorithmic models. Astronomy has been a pioneer in this
new field, but even medicine and life sciences that used to be hardly 
mathematized are invaded by algorithmic computing: genome and 
phylogenetic analysis, massive medical or cellular image analysis, 
simulation of protein folding and interactions, simulation of living 
organisms at multiple levels ranging from cell mechanisms to organs and 
populations, all bring new ways to observe and analyze life.
Based on examples in taken in various domains, the 
talk will analyze the reasons of this mental and technical revolution. 
It will insist on the fact that Informatics is based on a mental scheme 
that is quite different of those of the 20th century, traditionally 
based on the matter-energy-waves triangle. Informatics adds a pack of 
newcomers: information, algorithms, circuits, and software, which are 
based on logical rules instead of physical rules. In modern instruments,
algorithms and software make it possible to compensate for intrinsic 
defaults than physics alone cannot deal with; the algorithmic fusion of 
different sources of information provides scientists and doctor with 
new virtual instruments; and simulation completely replaces matter, 
energy and waves by algorithms on pure information. Even mathematics is 
concerned since results such as the solution of the famous 1611 Kepler 
conjecture on orange packing make heavy use of formal computing and 
computerized proofs.
But a major issue is that most scientists have 
received almost no training in Informatics, which now becomes 
problematic since most of them do spend a large proportion of their time
using computers, the separation between scientists and engineers 
becomes more and more blurred. And the intrinsic difficulties of 
developing computer programs that really work is often underestimated, 
as we will see with the Spirit rover that almost died because of a 
stupid bug in a system library and the Schiaparelli instrument that 
recently crashed because of a poorly conducted computerization.]]></string></description>
<keyword><string language="fre"><![CDATA[informatics]]></string></keyword><keyword><string language="fre"><![CDATA[algorithm]]></string></keyword><keyword><string language="fre"><![CDATA[bugs]]></string></keyword><keyword><string language="fre"><![CDATA[numerical simulations]]></string></keyword>
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NOTE:Ancien élève de l'École Polytechnique, Gérard Berry a été chercheur à l'École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris et à l'INRIA de 1970 à 2001, puis Directeur scientifique d'Esterel Technologies de 2001 à 2009, il est aujourd'hui directeur de recherche à l’INRIA et président de la Commission d’évaluation de la recherche de cet institut. Membre de l'Académie des sciences et de l'Académie des technologies, également professeur au Collège de France, sa contribution scientifique concerne la modélisation du calcul, la programmation parallèle et temps réel, ainsi que la conception et la vérification formelles de circuits intégrés. Il est le créateur du langage de programmation EstereL. 
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<date><dateTime>2017-10-27</dateTime></date>
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